Beef Biosecurity

Federal Agents Intercept Bizarre Monkey Remains and Prohibited Meat at Chicago Airport

Thu, 23 Apr 2026 16:27:36 GMT

U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP) agriculture specialists intercepted a monkey carcass and prohibited ruminant meat on April 11 at Chicago’s O’Hare International Airport.

The monkey remains discovered during an X-ray examination of a Cameroon traveler’s baggage is a major concern for human health, but the ruminant meat is strictly prohibited for the safety of U.S. animal agriculture.

(US Customs and Border Protection)

“A subsequent traveler from Liberia tried to deceptively sneak in prohibited ruminant meat,” CBP reports. “CBP agriculture specialists inspected eight boxes within the traveler’s baggage and discovered meat, bones and hair concealed in dried seafood. The traveler admitted that the concealed meat was beef. Seafood is generally admissible, but ruminant meat from certain parts of the world is prohibited due to the presence of disease, such as Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE) and foot-and-mouth disease (FMD).”

In total, CBP agriculture specialists seized a total of 125 pounds of prohibited ruminant meat, one pound of prohibited fresh leaves, and four types of prohibited seeds for planting from the Liberian traveler’s baggage.

“CBP’s agriculture specialists mitigate the threat of non-native plants and pests, plant and animal diseases, and other potentially contaminants entering the United States,” Chicago Field Office’s Acting Director of Field Operations Michael Pfeiffer, said in a release. “The sheer volume of prohibited items our specialists intercept daily demonstrates how they play an essential and critical role in preventing plant and animal diseases from entering the United States.”

With outbreaks of FMD and other foreign animal diseases on the rise in regions of the world, it’s critical to protect U.S. borders by getting prohibited products out of the country. Earlier this week, South Africa announced that its government received 2 million doses of FMD vaccine from Turkey in light of South Africa’s worst FMD outbreak in years .

Travelers who wish to import plant materials, animal materials and other agricultural items should visit Bringing Agricultural Products into the United States .

Secretary Rollins Takes On a Global Agenda for U.S. Agriculture

Sat, 17 May 2025 02:33:17 GMT

A day after returning from the United Kingdom (UK), Agriculture Secretary Brooke Rollins says agriculture is a “big, big deal” in the trade agreement now being negotiated between the U.S. and UK.

“The No. 1, No. 2 and No. 3 concessions that we received from the UK were for agriculture. It was beef cattle, it was ethanol and the conversations continue on pork,” Rollins told “AgriTalk” host Chip Flory in an exclusive interview on Friday. “I was so proud of President Trump for putting our farmers first as he promised to do.”

During her time in the UK, she met with four cabinet members, her counterpart and three others, and key advisers to the prime minister to work toward striking a deal they’ve “been trying to get it done for 25 years.”

When it comes to non-tariff trade barriers between the U.S. and UK, particularly with beef, Rollins says progress is being made. She prioritizes social media and interviews with the media to talk about the robust, abundant and safe products U.S. farmers grow and produce.

📍Day one in the UK: Kicked off a powerful U.S. agriculture cooperator roundtable at the U.S. Embassy in London.

We’re building on President Trump’s historic trade announcement and his promise to put farmers FIRST—at home and around the world. 🇺🇸🇬🇧 pic.twitter.com/xqsIoDLyAe
— Secretary Brooke Rollins (@SecRollins) May 12, 2025

While in the UK, she was often asked about chlorinated chicken and hormone filled beef.

“I would immediately push back, and they all seemed a little bit surprised. I think by my final day in the UK, they knew what my answer was going to be. I asked him to go look at the science and understand the data and what we’re producing here is so safe and so reliable,” Rollins says.

When it comes to potential opportunities for the U.S., the ag secretary sees additional potential for:

pork
poultry
rice
specialty crops
seafood

While Rollins is quick to point out the U.S. doesn’t agree with the UK on everything, such as net zero goals, she says they “desperately needs our ethanol,” including biofuels, biomass and wood pellets.

“The zero percent tariff on our ethanol is going to play a huge part in them achieving [their net zero] goal and, for our farmers in America, that’s a really big deal,” Rollins says.

“So you see, with Rochambeau’s fleet in the Chesapeake and Washington’s army on the peninsula, your garrison at Yorktown had no chance. Caught, as between my fingers here.” 😁😂

No, seriously — so grateful for our time at 10 Downing Street today. Grateful too, as America… pic.twitter.com/OKAOtLkSqB
— Secretary Brooke Rollins (@SecRollins) May 14, 2025

Imports of Live Cattle from Mexico Remain Off Limits Due to New World Screwworm

Prior to leaving for the UK, the U.S. suspended Mexican cattle, horse and bison imports from Mexico because of the threat of New World Screwworm (NWS).

“My commitment to Secretary Villalobos, who is my counterpart in Mexico, was that we weren’t just going to shut the border down and then just go away for a couple of months. This would be a daily discussion with repercussions not just to the farmers and ranchers in his country but also in ours. This is not good for us either in the short term or the long term, but we have to protect our beef cattle industry,” Rollins says. “There were some promises made and data points given to us that we didn’t fully trust were in best interest of our cattle ranchers. That’s why I made that decision, though it wasn’t an easy decision.

While Rollins continues to analyzes the situation and assess next steps, she stresses the real threat the pest poses.

“It has gotten within 700 miles of our southern border in Texas, which is inexcusable and unsustainable and we can’t let it get any closer,” Rollins says.

Secondary Screwworm Fly

She says production of sterile flies is being considered and hopes to have some good news to announce on that very soon.

In the mean time, the border will remain closed until Mexico can put more miles between NWS and the U.S. border. A couple weeks ago, NWS was 1,100 miles from the border, Rollins says, but then that gap narrowed.

“There’s just too much at stake. It took us 30 years to eradicate [NWS] the last time, and we just can’t get there again,” she adds.

‘Make America Healthy Again’ Report to be Released May 22

On May 22, a report is expected to be released by supporters of the “Make America Healthy Again” movement. What can farmers expect in that report?

“As you can imagine, it’s a work in progress,” Rollins says. “I and my team at USDA, my partners across the Trump cabinet, including Lee Zeldin at EPA, Russell Vought at OMB and Kevin Hassett with the National Economic Council, and, of course, Bobby Kennedy, chair of the committee, just finished a couple hour discussion on that and we’ll be continuing over the weekend. I think it will make some really important points about the chronic diseases in our country, about diabetes in our country and about addiction to medicine and prescriptions. It’s really an all-encompassing report.”

Agriculture Secretary Brooke Rollins posted this photo with RFK Jr. on X, saying “Supporting hardworking farmers like the Sawyer family is vital for Making America Healthy Again.”

(Secretary Brooks Rollins X Account)

“Of course, my lane is making sure our farmers and ranchers are put first and that we’re able to continue to feed and fuel and provide fiber for not only America, but the rest of the world, so that will be a big part of it. I feel confident President Trump’s vision of putting America first and putting American farmers and ranchers first will be reflective in that document as it comes out next week, and we continue to talk about it,” she continues.

Your Next Read: China Plans ‘World’s Biggest Export Terminal’ For Brazil Amid U.S. Trade Talks

Kersia to Buy Neogen's Global Cleaners and Disinfectants Business

Tue, 22 Apr 2025 22:08:58 GMT

Neogen Corporation announced it has entered into a definitive agreement to sell its global cleaners and disinfectants business to Kersia Group for $130 million in cash at closing plus contingent consideration tied to the future performance of the business.

“The sale of our cleaners and disinfectants business further focuses Neogen on food safety diagnostics and continuing to build on our leadership position in what we believe is an attractive end market with long-term tailwinds,” John Adent, president and CEO of Neogen, said in a release.

“The transaction is expected to be accretive to margins and close in the first quarter of the company’s 2026 fiscal year, subject to regulatory approval and customary closing conditions,” Neogen said in a release.

With approximately $60 million of annual revenue, Neogen has a broad range of cleaners and disinfectants, the release says.

“Being used to such transactions and equipped with a dedicated process for a smooth and efficient integration, we are keen to appropriately welcome the collaborators within the business,” Sébastien Bossard, CEO of Kersia, said in a release. “I am convinced that their expertise and experience, as well as the wide range of products in the business, which perfectly complement our existing solutions, capabilities and skills, will be a key step in enabling Kersia to better serve its clients in the U.S. and abroad. Together, we will pursue our mission to ensure food safety across the food chain.”

Neogen’s disinfectant and cleaner products are formulated for use in a range of livestock applications, including swine, poultry and ruminant operations.

“The cleaners and disinfectants business has been a strong contributor to our Animal Safety segment and Neogen is committed to a smooth transition for customers, employees and other stakeholders,” Adent says. “We expect Kersia’s prioritization of investment and growth in the biosecurity market will benefit the business and provide sharpened strategic focus to maximize its potential for continued growth.”

Your Next Read: Biosecurity at Wean-to-Harvest Sites Needs Attention in the U.S. Pork Industry

Hungary Suggests 'Biological Attack' Could be Source of Foot-and-Mouth Outbreak

Thu, 10 Apr 2025 15:35:23 GMT

Hungary on Thursday suggested a “biological attack” as a possible source of the country’s first foot-and-mouth disease outbreak in more than half a century, which has triggered border closures and the mass slaughter of cattle in the northwest.

Hungary reported a first case of foot-and-mouth disease in over 50 years on a cattle farm in the northwest near the border with Austria and Slovakia last month, the World Organisation for Animal Health said, citing Hungarian authorities.

Animal health authorities had made checks at nearly 1,000 farms across Hungary by Thursday, with only four in the affected northwestern region returning positive results.

“At this stage, we can say that it cannot be ruled out that the virus was not of natural origin, we may be dealing with an artificially engineered virus,” Prime Minister Viktor Orban’s chief of staff, Gergely Gulyas told a media briefing.

Responding to a question, Gulyas said he could not rule out that the virus outbreak was the result of a biological attack, without giving information on who might be responsible.

He also said that suspicion was based on verbal information received from a foreign laboratory and that their findings have not yet been fully proven and documented.

Hungary’s cattle stock numbered 861,000 head based on a livestock census in December, little changed from levels a year earlier. That constituted 1.2% of the European Union’s total cattle stocks, official statistics showed.

Foot-and-mouth disease poses no danger to humans but causes fever and mouth blisters in cloven-hoofed ruminants such as cattle, swine, sheep and goats, and outbreaks often lead to trade restrictions.

Thousands of cattle had to be culled as the landlocked country tried to contain the outbreak, while Austria and Slovakia have closed dozens of border crossings, after the disease also appeared in the southern part of Slovakia.

“Everyone was just standing there, crying and saying that this cannot be true, that this was impossible,” said Paul Meixner, an Austrian-Hungarian dual citizen, who owns of one of the affected farms in Hungary.

While his business has taken a 1.5 billion forint ($4.09 million) loss after culling 3,000 cattle and other livestock, Meixner has vowed to rebuild.

“In two weeks, we will start harvesting and storing the hay,” he said. “We need the fodder for next year.”

Your Next Read: What Do Foot-and-Mouth Disease Outbreaks in Europe Mean for the U.S.?

6 Ways to Reduce Your Risk of Wildlife Biosecurity Breaches

Tue, 01 Apr 2025 13:59:27 GMT

Wildlife serve an important purpose, but they can also be a major threat to livestock. It’s not possible to keep all wildlife out, but steps can be taken to decrease their activity. Before taking any action, make sure that the wildlife you want to control are not endangered, threatened or protected in your area.

One way you can keep unwanted visitors out is by buttoning up your biosecurity measures to prevent the introduction and spread of infectious diseases and pathogens.

1. Compromised exclusion
When damage occurs to barriers you put up to keep birds away, that can actually create more habitat. Now birds can get in and get behind the barrier which serves as the perfect protection from predators. Nests of wild birds are an indicator that birds are using your Line of Separation for housing.

Robin nest on barn ledge.

(USDA Wildlife Services)

2. Breaches in the foundation
Keep buildings and fences in good repair. Seal holes where wildlife can enter. Anything over 1 square inch is possible for a house sparrow to get into. Repair screens and doors and replace rotting or damaged wood. Nests of wild birds are an indicator that birds are using your Line of Separation for housing.

3. Holes/construction issues
Repair holes in buildings or barns to prevent entry. Regularly check and repair damaged screens on windows and doors

4. Spilled feed
Remove excess feed and feed spills as these can attract bird flocks. It’s not uncommon for birds to defecate while eating. This becomes an opportunity for mice and other rodents to eat the spilled feed and bird poop before heading back into the barn. Keep a broom and lidded garbage container at every feed storage area for quick cleanups.

Feed spillage

(USDA Wildlife Services)

5. Standing water
The virus itself can live in water for months if it’s cold. If you see water, consider it positive for virus. Don’t walk or move equipment through or near standing water— this could track wildlife feces or other contaminants with the virus into your barns.

6. Clutter and tree management
Clutter and trees around the farm provide the perfect habitat for birds and other wildlife to find refuge. Reduce natural food sources by removing fallen fruit and mowing grass often.

Your Next Read: Don’t Be Deceived: Wildlife Pose Serious Threat to Livestock Producers

Don't Be Deceived: Wildlife Pose Serious Threat to Livestock Producers

Tue, 01 Apr 2025 13:42:17 GMT

At first glance, the house sparrow may not seem all that intimidating. But now that highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) is endemic in the wildlife waterfowl population, this tiny bird could become a huge problem for U.S. livestock producers, USDA’s David Marks said at the 2025 American Association of Swine Veterinarians annual meeting in San Francisco in March.

“Ducks and geese waterfowl are a reservoir for highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI),” says Marks who serves on the staff of USDA Animal and Plant Health Inspection Services (APHIS) Wildlife Services (WS). “They brought it over here in 2022 from Europe and Asia, and now it is circulating in waterfowl. HPAI is a foreign animal disease in North and North America, but now it’s endemic in wildlife. It’s not a good situation.”

Peri-domestic birds like the house sparrow and the American robin are attracted to the same water sources as these ducks and geese, which can result in peri-domestic birds carrying the disease back to the livestock barns, Marks explains.

“Keep your farms tight,” he says. “HPAI is mixing and reassorting in our waterfowl. Every time it gets in these birds, it’s mutating. Over 85% of positive farms now are from wildlife introductions.”

When it comes to managing wildlife disease threats, there are basically three options: manage the site itself, manage the wildlife, or install a barrier to keep wildlife out.

How Big of a Problem Do We Have?
Since the outbreak in poultry in 2022, APHIS has worked with state animal health officials to identify and respond to detections and mitigate the virus’ impact on U.S. poultry production and trade. Marks says more than 105.2 million birds in 1,197 flocks in 48 states have been affected by the virus since then. In response to this current outbreak, USDA has spent over $1 billion, paying for indemnity, cleanup and disinfection of facilities, diagnostics and other aspects related emergency response.

“More than 75% of infections have been directly related to new introductions of virus of wildlife origin and not related to lateral transfer between facilities, employees and equipment as in previous HPAI outbreaks,” Marks says.

WS developed the Midwest Wildlife Biosecurity Assessment Pilot Project in response to the continued outbreaks of HPAI across the country. Four states (Iowa, Minnesota, North Dakota and South Dakota) were selected as the focus for this project based upon the high number of infections and re-introductions of facilities during calendar year 2022 from within this area.

Earlier this month, USDA announced it is expanding the availability of its biosecurity assessments to commercial poultry producers.

“These assessments, which were previously available on a limited basis have been extremely successful in improving biosecurity on individual premises and preventing the introduction or spread of avian influenza,” USDA Secretary Brooke Rollins said.

The goal of the assessments is to take a proactive approach to managing potential disease transfer and improve the wildlife biosecurity of commercial poultry facilities in the U.S., thus reducing the number of facilities that become infected with HPAI and other diseases of concern to the poultry industry, Marks explains.

Wildlife biosecurity assessments are through evaluations of all buildings, external operations and wildlife population use and movements that occur on and near commercial poultry facilities. These reports are directly provided to facility managers and include long-term management recommendations for mitigating any identified risks related to wildlife.

The formal WBA process is comprised of three main components: Wildlife hazard identification surveys, wildlife abundance surveys, and in most cases, direct control and continued monitoring for attractants, hazards, and wildlife.

Barn swallow nest

(USDA Wildlife Services)

Step 1: Wildlife Abundance Surveys
What species are there in the first place? Marks says wildlife abundance surveys (WAS) simply determine what wildlife species one could expect and that one finds on an operation.

“A farm in northwest Iowa might be different than a farm in southeast Iowa or Texas,” he points out. “WS conducts WAS at different times during the day (morning, midday, evening, and night) to understand the different species present in and around the facilities at these times.”

After establishing multiple survey points to represent all habitats and cover the perimeter, WS conducts standardized wildlife point counts at each survey point and revisits those monthly to create population trend data. These maps show areas of wildlife activity for each facility.

Standing water is an attractant for wildlife.

(USDA Wildlife Services)

Step 2: Wildlife Hazard Identification Surveys
Wildlife hazard identification survey (WHIS) take place at all facilities as they enter the program, he says. These reports provide a detailed list of all the wildlife biosecurity hazards found within the perimeter buffer area of the facility, and categorizes hazards into three tiers, with tier 1 being of the greatest concern. Examples of Tier 1 hazards include holes in barn exterior walls, exclusionary netting, or other breaches that would allow direct contact with wildlife and poultry.

Lower Tier hazards include wildlife attractants and potential sources for indirect transmission routes, such as standing water and food sources. WS conducts the first WHIS during an initial facility site visit and generates the report for the producer shortly after. WHIS reports contain photographs of all hazards identified and their locations represented on an aerial photo. WS designs the reports so producers can quickly identify and mitigate any hazards found.

WS personnel conduct subsequent WHIS quarterly to monitor progress. They also monitor for additional hazards continuously while on site, and any additional hazards found are recorded and relayed to producers in real time. Formal quarterly WHIS reports help track hazards and mitigation over time.

Starling on a barn roof.

(USDA Wildlife Services)

Step 3: Direct Control
The next step is to develop a plan for routine direct control actions. This includes both lethal (removal) and nonlethal (habitat management, exclusion, harassment) management of wildlife present at the facility, Marks explains.

“WS records all direct control activity results, along with wildlife observations while on site,” he says. “These are not standardized data, but over time are very valuable in showing trends and we expect a direct inverse correlation to result from wildlife abundance surveys (ie, the more wildlife managed, the lower the wildlife abundance on site). Similar to wildlife abundance data, direct control trend data can be depicted on a map of a facility to show areas of wildlife activity.”

After the first six months of participation in the program, WS generates a comprehensive report for the facility, which summarizes all WS personnel activities.

While on site, WS personnel collect samples from wildlife species for HPAI testing, he adds. Sampling strategies focus on facilities that have recently become positive for HPAI because of the increased likelihood of the virus being present in non-reservoir species. WS processes samples and submits them to the diagnostic lab for analysis, and all influenza A detections are forwarded to the USDA National Veterinary Services Laboratory for confirmation and genomic sequencing. Additionally, WS collects samples from a subset of wildlife collected from non-infected facilities.

What Can You Do Now?
Although the biosecurity assessments and audits are offered to poultry producers only at this time, WS does offer financial support to help dairy producers enhance biosecurity and offset costs associated with Influenza A testing, veterinary expenses, personal protective equipment purchases, milk disposal and milk losses.

“The wildlife exclusions and barn setups are similar between swine and poultry facilities,” Marks says. “Biosecurity is a critical tool for disease prevention for all species.”

USDA encourages all producers to review their biosecurity plans and take action now to prevent disease from reaching their herds. While the actual assessments may not be available to pork producers right now, USDA does offer biosecurity resources for swine producers here .

Your Next Read: Is the Swine Industry Ready for H5N1? Texas Veterinarian Says “No”

What Do Foot-and-Mouth Disease Outbreaks in Europe Mean for the U.S.?

Fri, 28 Mar 2025 22:09:30 GMT

Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is rearing its ugly head in Europe. After an outbreak in water buffalo in Germany in January, an outbreak in cattle in Hungary in early March and an outbreak in cattle in Slovakia last week, why now? What is the U.S. doing to keep this foreign animal disease out and protect the country’s livestock industry?

“FMD is caused by a virus that affects cloven-hoofed animals so that can include cattle, pigs, sheep and goats,” explains Megan Niederwerder, DVM, who serves as the executive director of the Swine Health Information Center (SHIC). “It does not affect humans and is not a threat to food safety, but it has significant trade implications once it is introduced into a country.”

FMD has been fairly quiet in these European countries – with no cases reported for decades. Other parts of Europe have seen outbreaks more recently like the 2001 outbreak in the United Kingdom that caused a crisis in British agriculture and tourism and resulted in the cancellation of the World Pork Expo held in Des Moines, Iowa.

“FMD really decimated the United Kingdom,” says Barb Determan who was serving as president of the National Pork Producers Council (NPPC) at the time. “It became very apparent that we couldn’t guarantee the safety for our U.S. pig herd because of the high numbers of international travelers that would be at the show. We had to cancel World Pork Expo out of an abundance of precaution.”

Although there is still a lot to be discovered about how FMD was introduced into these populations, it’s a significant warning to the U.S. to be on alert.

(Lori Hays)

That was the first time, but not the only time World Pork Expo was canceled. The event was also canceled in 2019 because of the African swine fever outbreak in China and again in 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic.

“That was a hard financial decision,” Determan says. “We had just completed the separation agreement between NPPC and the National Pork Board. NPPC was very tightly budgeted at that time, so it was a huge hit.”

However, keeping the U.S. pig herd safe was the most important thing on everyone’s mind. She says they made their decision after hearing reports from veterinarians who had been to England to better understand the extensiveness as well as from the USDA that had sent veterinarians over to help.

“At that time, we didn’t have near the biosecurity practices and things that we do now with the disinfectant foot mats,” Determan says. “We also don’t have live pigs on the on the grounds now compared to how we did things many years ago. We used to have live pigs everywhere on the fairgrounds in the early 2000s from genetics companies with pigs in their displays to the pigs in the live shows.”

The Truth About FMD
The clinical signs of FMD are similar to what the name implies. It can cause vesicles or blisters on the feet, mouth and tongue of animals that are infected. The U.S. has not had a case of FMD since 1929.

“We certainly want to keep it that way, as the economic implications for producers are significant if the virus is introduced,” Niederwerder says.

Compared to many viruses, FMD is a highly stable, non-enveloped virus that allows it to be infectious for longer periods. It’s very contagious and highly transmissible. Not only are there risks with transmission of the virus through infected meat products that may come in through illegal trade, but it can also be carried on contaminated clothes or equipment or supplies of humans.

“The human would not be infected, but certainly people can carry the virus on contaminated clothing,” Niederwerder says. “That’s why it’s really important as we think about prevention of entry into the U.S.”

FMD causes fever and pain. It results in excessive salivation and causes reduced milk production in dairy cattle.

“When you think about the impact, certainly there’s an impact on animal health with regards to the clinical signs, but even further is this impact on trade restrictions and the economic losses for producers,” Niederwerder says. “When you try and contain the virus, that oftentimes results in those infected animals being culled or euthanized so the disease no longer has the chance to spread.”

Why Should the U.S. Pay Attention?
When a virus moves into a new geographical range or is reintroduced into a country that has maintained a negative status for a long period, Niederwerder says it’s critical to reassess the risk to the U.S.

“In January, Germany reported their first case in over 30 years in water buffalo near Berlin,” she explains. “It was 14 animals, and those animals were all culled after the infection was confirmed but certainly trade restrictions and implications on surrounding areas of that Berlin farm were significant.”

Fast forward to March when two additional countries have reported cases. Hungary reported FMD in a single farm of cattle in the north part of the country for the first time in over 50 years. Shortly thereafter, the virus appeared in Slovakia (who also hadn’t seen a case in over 50 years) in multiple herds of cattle.

“Just recently, another herd was a suspect herd in Slovakia, near the southern border near Hungary,” Niederwerder says. “This is certainly concerning about how this virus is being reintroduced. Is it associated with contaminated fomites that may be in the country or traveling to new locations? Is it associated with wild boar? Could it be associated with infected hay?”

Although there is still a lot to be discovered about how FMD was introduced into these populations, it’s a significant warning to the U.S. to be on alert .

“We need to do everything we can to make sure it doesn’t get reintroduced into the U.S.,” Niederwerder says. “How can we amp up any biosecurity measures that are necessary to reduce our risk? We also need to think about reducing the risk of introduction into our country through travel and illegal trade.”

Be on Alert
Livestock operations should reevaluate biosecurity protocols. If any of your farm’s employees travel to areas where there are infected animals, implement a quarantine period for entry back into your U.S. farm, she advises.

“Be vigilant,” Niederwerder urges. “One of the challenges of FMD is that it does cause these characteristic lesions of vesicles or blisters on the mouth, nose or the hoof. What becomes very tricky is that those clinical signs are indistinguishable from other vesicular diseases such as Senecavirus A. If producers and veterinarians see these lesions, they must report it immediately so it can be investigated and confirmed that it is not FMD virus.”

FMD is not just a disease of pigs and cattle, she points out. Sheep, goats and cloven-hoofed zoo animals may also be impacted by FMD. This increases the breadth of what the industry needs to monitor.

“The world is very small now,” Niederwerder says. “Not only do people travel more internationally, but animals move around more than ever, too. It’s extremely important for those of us that are producers to keep our eyes open and pay attention to what’s going on worldwide so we can be as prepared as possible for any change in disease risk.”

That’s one of the ways that SHIC is trying to help producers. SHIC provides timely domestic and global disease updates to producers.

“Watching the SHIC global disease report is really important for producers,” Determan says. “It comes out every month and really gives you a feel for what’s happening in the entire world from a swine health standpoint. The biggest lesson we learned from the 2001 FMD outbreak is that looking farther out than just our own farm gate is so important.”

Keep Reading:
An Update on Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus Serotype O in Germany

Hungary Confirms Foot-and-Mouth Disease Outbreak in Cattle

Slovakia Records First Foot-and-Mouth Cases, Minister Says

Hungary Confirms Foot-and-Mouth Disease Outbreak in Cattle

Fri, 07 Mar 2025 22:43:18 GMT

Hungary reported its first case of foot-and-mouth disease in more than 50 years, on a cattle farm in the northwest of the country, the World Organization for Animal Health (WOAH) said, citing Hungarian authorities on March 7.

According to WOAH, the outbreak, discovered in the city of Gyor, is the first outbreak of foot-and-mouth disease outbreak reported since 1973. The case was found on a 1,400-strong cattle farm on the border with Slovakia, Hungary’s National Food Chain Safety Office (Nébih) reported on Friday .

The farm showed classic symptoms of foot-and-mouth disease at the beginning of March, the report says.

“The presence of the pathogen was confirmed by the Nébih laboratory, which is why Dr. Szabolcs Pásztor, the national chief veterinarian, immediately ordered the closure of the farm and the initiation of an epidemiological investigation,” the report says. " In order to prevent the further spread of the disease, extremely strict official measures will be implemented, including a ban on the transport of susceptible live animal species.”

On Jan. 10, Germany confirmed its first outbreak of foot-and-mouth disease since 1988. The outbreak was detected in a herd of water buffalo in the Märkisch-Oderland district of Brandenburg, near Berlin.

“The confirmation of foot-and-mouth disease in cattle in Hungary comes less than two months after the virus was found in water buffalo in Germany,” the Swine Health Information Center (SHIC) said in a statement. “Hungary does not share a border with Germany; FMD-affected animals are approximately 475 miles apart.”

FMD affects cloven-hoofed animals such as cattle, pigs, sheep and goats. Not only is it highly contagious, but it also causes severe symptoms, including fever, painful blisters, reduced milk production and significant economic losses for farmers.

FMD poses no direct health risk to humans, but it’s important to note that they can act as carriers of the virus via contaminated clothing, shoes or equipment.

Your Next Read: An Update on Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus Serotype O in Germany

APHIS Answers Call to Protect Animal Agriculture

Thu, 16 Jan 2025 21:00:12 GMT

Despite facing many challenges, including the continued response to highly pathogenic avian influenza, USDA’s Animal and Plant Health Inspection Services (APHIS) worked to protect the health and value of America’s agricultural and natural resources.

“2024 was a year that confronted APHIS with new challenges. It was a year that forced us to find new and creative solutions to animal and plant health threats,” says Michael Watson, administrator for APHIS, in the 2024 Impact Report.

Here are a few highlights from the 2024 Impact Report surrounding animal agriculture:

Confirmed the first detection of HPAI H5N1 in a dairy herd in March 2024, and subsequently identified, investigated, and responded to H5N1 detections in livestock in over 860 herds across 17 states. APHIS issued two federal orders, implemented a producer support program, set up a voluntary monitoring and surveillance program for interested producers, and developed a national bulk milk testing strategy to help states protect the health of their dairy herds.
- Opened new market access for American agricultural exports, including U.S. rice to Ecuador, Texas grapefruit to South Korea, and California peaches and nectarines to Vietnam. APHIS also opened markets for U.S. live cattle, day-old chicks, and hatching eggs to Mozambique and beef and bone meal to Ecuador and Peru.
- Worked with regional partners in Central America to implement a multilateral response to the New World screwworm outbreak, increasing production of sterile flies weekly from 20 million to 90 million. These efforts, combined with rigorous surveillance and livestock inspections, protected U.S. borders from this devastating pest.
- Provided assistance to livestock producers on more than 123,000 occasions, including outreach and direct control activities to protect livestock from predation through a combination of techniques and tools. As much as possible, we responded using nonlethal methods like range riding, fladry, fencing, and husbandry practices.
Continued an emergency program to address nationwide detections of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI). Since the outbreak began in February 2022, we have confirmed the virus in over 1,300 poultry premises across the nation and supported affected producers through depopulation, disposal, and indemnification programs.
Protected American agriculture from harmful plant pests and foreign animal diseases by intercepting 289,855 prohibited agricultural items and 3,008 quarantine-significant pests during baggage inspections. These inspections involved more than 16.7 million passengers bound for the U.S. mainland from Hawaii and Puerto Rico.

Read the full report here.

German Meat Exports Face Disruption After Foot-and-Mouth Disease Case

Mon, 13 Jan 2025 16:02:46 GMT

Germany’s meat and dairy exports outside the EU face severe restrictions after the country’s first case of the livestock disease foot-and-mouth was confirmed on Friday, the country’s agriculture ministry said.

German authorities confirmed the country’s first outbreak of foot-and-mouth disease in nearly 40 years in a herd of water buffalo on the outskirts of Berlin.

Foot-and-mouth disease causes fever and mouth blisters in cloven-hoofed ruminants such as cattle, swine, sheep and goats and in past decades has required major slaughtering campaigns to eradicate. Measures to contain the highly infectious disease, which poses no danger to humans, are being implemented, German authorities said.

The loss of Germany’s status as free from foot-and-mouth disease under World Organisation for Animal Health requirements, means many veterinary certificates for exports outside the EU can no longer be issued, Germany’s federal agriculture ministry said.

Consequently, exports of milk and dairy products, meat and meat products, hides and skins and blood products are “currently hardly possible”, the ministry said, adding that it “assumed third countries would immediately impose bans on such goods from Germany.”

The immediate goal is to ensure the disease does not spread, German agriculture minister Cem Oezdemir said.

German meat exports to the EU were likely to continue because current rules require exports to be stopped only from the region of an EU country directly suffering from a disease, an agriculture ministry spokesperson said separately.

Some countries are restricting imports of German meat including South Korea, the spokesperson said.

Authorities in Berlin and Brandenburg announced a six-day halt tothe transport for animals which can transmit the disease while investigations into the cause continue.

The president of the association of German farmers Joachim Rukwied called for urgent and intensive action to prevent the disease spreading and causing more serious financial losses for farmers.

The disease occurs regularly in the Middle East and Africa, in some Asian countries and South America.

(Reporting by Michael Hogan in Hamburg, additional reporting by Christian Kraemer in Berlin, editing by Kirsten Donovan and Christina Fincher)

Six Questions One Industry Veterinarian Says She Is Asked Most Often About HPAI

Thu, 26 Sep 2024 19:00:28 GMT

The emerging issue of Highly Pathogenic H5N1 Avian Influenza (HPAI) in the U.S. dairy industry changes on nearly a daily basis.

Novonesis (a merger of Chr. Hansen and Novozymes) hosted a webinar on the issue on Friday to update producers, veterinarians and other members of the agricultural community.

“It’s a rapidly evolving situation,” lead presenter, Kay Russo, DVM, Novonesis technical services manager for dairy and poultry, North America, stressed at the beginning of the program.

“I’m getting a lot of questions, and I’m sure everybody on this call has questions. Or if you’re a veterinarian, you’re receiving them,” she said. “Again, this is a rapidly evolving situation, and what may seem correct today may be different tomorrow.”

Here are the six questions Russo said she is most frequently asked, and what her answers to them are – for now. Russo’s answers have been lightly edited for clarity.

Question #1: Is HNAI spreading from cow to cow?

Answer: Initially the thought was that every one of these animals was exposed to the disease from a bird. But at this point, there is some consideration for the fact that this may be spreading laterally. How it’s spreading is still unclear. There is some postulation that the virus is being spread in the milking parlor. Could it potentially be a mechanical spread from cow to cow on the milkers’ hands, or perhaps (on) the milking machines? Is it possible in these parlors where the humidity is high, it’s a warm environment that we’re seeing some aerosolization of the virus, so I would say that’s possible too. But there’s more work that needs to be done. But for all intents and purposes at this time, I would suspect there is some lateral transmission.

Question #2: Why are calves, younger lactation cows and the feedlot cattle not getting sick?

Answer: Ultimately, I don’t know the answer to this. More work needs to be done. The question needs to be answered. Are they truly not getting infected with a virus? Are they resistant to it, perhaps? Or is it that they are getting infected and just not demonstrating the clinical signs? We milk a lot of these dairy cows three times a day, so there’s a lot of eyes on them. In some of these instances, with the calves or in the feedlot cattle, you’re not handling them as often. We need to rely on the science to answer these questions in order to provide guidelines. I keep saying this, and I will continue to say it, we do not know what we do not measure. And we cannot provide guidelines around what we do not know.

Question #3: Is this a risk to humans?

Answer: The short answer is that it can infect humans. I know that in New Mexico, they are offering free testing to individuals that are working regularly with these infected herds. And if they are symptomatic – we’re seeing conjunctivitis and high fevers in some of them –they are being distributed Tamiflu for their use and for their families. This is a rapidly evolving situation, and the people that are working on it are doing everything they can to ensure the safety of those individuals that are most at risk.

Question #4: Is milk safe?

Answer: The FDA has stated the pasteurization process should kill the virus, and we should not see it in any saleable milk.

Question #5: Will this be a market limiting disease outbreak?

Answer: This is the major concern here, folks. These are important markets for us in this country. At this point, this is something that is absolutely a consideration. The goal here is to keep the farms in business.

Question #6: Are dairy farms a risk to poultry operations?

Answer: We’ve seen two commercial layer operations, one in West Texas and one in Michigan, be positive for highly pathogenic avian influenza this week. I know that there’s considerable amounts of work behind the scenes to determine the origin of the virus that caused the outbreak in those situations. Ultimately, in this circumstance, it’s going to be important that the cattle folks and the poultry folks come to the same table and talk and manage through this. We want to be good neighbors. These are two major industries in our country, so it’s important that the dialogue is there and continues so that we can keep (everyone) safe.

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AABP Decides to Reference Cattle Disease as Bovine Influenza A Virus (BIAV)

Thu, 26 Sep 2024 18:58:48 GMT

On Sunday evening, the American Association of Bovine Practitioners (AABP), released a letter to its media partners to update them on how the organization will reference the emerging cattle disease, currently confirmed in dairy herds in six states, moving forward.

“Because this infection in cattle is not the same as highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI), after thoughtful consideration and discussion with many experts, the AABP will now refer to this as Bovine Influenza A Virus (BIAV), which more accurately depicts it,” wrote Geni Wren, director of marketing and communications for the organization, in an email accompanying the letter.

The letter was developed and signed by AABP executive director, Fred Gingrich, DVM, and president Michael Capel, DVM.

Gingrich and Capel are asking other organizations, state animal health officials, diagnostic labs, and state and federal agencies to use Bovine Influenza A Virus (BIAV) “so we can be consistent with our messaging and better distinguish the disease syndrome in cattle from the pathogenesis in birds. We believe it is important for the public to understand the difference to maintain confidence in the safety and accessibility of beef and dairy products for consumers,” they wrote.

The letter is available in its entirety for review here:

North Carolina Reports First Case of HPAI in Dairy Herd

Thu, 26 Sep 2024 18:56:35 GMT

The National Veterinary Services Laboratory (NVSL) has detected Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) in a dairy herd in North Carolina.

The North Carolina Commissioner of Agriculture, Steve Troxle, said in a press release he is waiting for more diagnostic information from the NVSL and will work collaboratively with federal partners and dairy farmers in the state.

“We have spent years developing methods to handle HPAI in poultry, but this is new and we are working with our state and federal partners to develop protocols to handle this situation,” he said. “It is important to note the FDA has no concern about the safety or availability of pasteurized milk products nationwide.”

North Carolina is the seventh state to officially confirm the presence of HPAI in a dairy herd.

The other six states with NVSL-confirmed reports of HPAI in dairy are:

Idaho: 1 case
Kansas: 3 cases
Michigan: 2 cases
New Mexico: 4 cases
Ohio: 1 case
Texas: 9 cases

In addition, the National Milk Producers Federation reports that eight states now have dairy cattle importation requirements or restrictions:

The Federation adds that there is “no concern about the safety of the milk supply or that this circumstance poses a risk to consumer health because products are pasteurized before entering the market, per the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Only milk from heathy animals is authorized for distribution into interstate commerce for human consumption. Additionally, pasteurization has continually proven to inactivate bacteria and viruses, including influenza, in milk.”

More information and HPAI dairy-specific resources are available at the Federation’s website, www.nmpf.org

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Six Questions One Industry Veterinarian Says She Is Asked Most Often About HPAI

USDA Identifies Ways HPAI H5N1 Has Likely Spread in Michigan Dairy and Poultry Operations

Mon, 17 Jun 2024 22:29:29 GMT

On June 9, the USDA issued a report that summarizes the findings from field epidemiological investigations of disease spread between premises for 15 dairy herds and eight poultry flocks confirmed with HPAI genotype B3.13 in Michigan.

The following information is pulled from the USDA’s 2024 Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (H5N1) - Michigan Dairy Herd and Poultry Flock Summary (see Michigan Dairy Herd and Poultry Flock Summary ).

The information offers potential insights for how the dairy and poultry industries in states beyond Michigan likely have been impacted, as well.

A ‘Eurasian Lineage Goose’

Whole genome sequencing (WGS) of viruses from the dairy and poultry premises identified Eurasian lineage goose/Guangdong clade 2.3.4.4b, genotype B3.13 on the Michigan farms and suggests likely indirect transfer of virus from the dairy premises to the poultry premises.

USDA reports that interstate animal movement initially introduced the HPAI genotype B3.13 virus from Texas into a Michigan dairy. However, USDA says the continued disease transmission within Michigan has been determined to be multifactorial.

Transmission between farms is likely due to indirect epidemiological links related to normal business operations such as numerous people, vehicles, and other conveyances frequently moving on and off the affected dairy premises, with many of these indirect links shared between premises.

Importantly, USDA says, disease spread due to independent introduction of the virus onto dairy or poultry premises from migratory waterfowl is not supported based on both genomic and epidemiological data analysis.

Key findings identified to date and potential risk factors for local transmission in Michigan specifically, include:

Shared personnel between premises
o 20% of affected dairies’ employees and 7% of dairies’ employees family members work on other dairy premises

o 7% of affected dairies’ employees also work on poultry premises; 13% of affected dairies’ employees have family members who work on poultry premises

o 31% of dairies have employees who own livestock or poultry at their personal residence

Shared vehicles between premises
o 62% of affected dairy premises use shared vehicles to transport cattle, with only 12% of premises cleaning vehicles before use

Frequent visitors on/off premises
o 100% of affected dairy premises have regular visits by veterinarians, nutritionist/feed consultant, and/or contract haulers (e.g., cattle or manure); the majority of these visitors have direct contact with cattle

o 40% of affected dairy premises have regular visits for deadstock removal, with 20% having direct contact with cattle. Furthermore:

-53% of affected dairies utilized the same deadstock removal company and 40% had animals removed from the premises by that company within 30 days prior to clinical onset

o Milk haulers visit dairy premises, on average, 34 times within a 30-day time period. Furthermore:

-93.3% of affected dairy premises are part of the same milk co-op with at least one other affected dairy premises within the state (i.e., only one of the affected dairy herds is part of a milk co-op that none of the other 14 affected dairy herds belong to)

Disease Spread Between Dairy and Poultry Premises
Apart from the potential for resident wild birds or peri-domestic species to move and transmit the virus, the only other potential transmission routes found from dairy herds to the poultry flocks were through shared employment, housing, or movement of employees.

Approximately 22 employees of three poultry flocks worked weekend shifts at two different dairy premises. Shared housing between dairy and poultry workers was identified between three poultry premises and two dairy premises. It is also possible that dairy employees have social contact with poultry premises employees, USDA reports.

In Summary
The investigations discussed in this report, including the respective WGS information, indicate that HPAI H5N1 genotype B3.13 was introduced into Michigan through animal movement from Texas and subsequently spread within the state between dairy premises with spillover into poultry premises through multiple possible routes.

Factors that appear to be of greater risk for introduction into a dairy premises may be mitigated through enhanced biosecurity, increased animal testing, and potentially through within-state animal movement restrictions if they can be implemented without impacting animal welfare.

USDA says the willingness of Michigan producers to participate in these investigations has greatly increased the body of knowledge of HPAI H5N1 B3.13 detections in Michigan and throughout the nation; this report could not have been completed without them.

For more information on the H5N1 issue:

H5N1 Virus Found in Beef for First Time, FSIS Says

FDA Says New Round of Tests Prove the U.S. Milk Supply is Safe From H5N1 Virus

USDA Now Requiring Mandatory Testing and Reporting of HPAI in Dairy Cattle as New Data Suggests Virus Outbreak is More Widespread

Brazil Declares Country Foot-and-Mouth Disease-Free Without Vaccination

Mon, 06 May 2024 14:33:25 GMT

Brazil declared itself as free of foot and mouth disease without vaccination on May 2, and will request World Organization for Animal Health (WOAH) to recognize that status as it seeks to open more markets for its meat exports.

Foot-and-mouth disease causes fever and mouth blisters in animals with foot ruptures, such as cattle, swine, sheep, goats and other cloven-hoofed ruminants.

Brazil’s Agriculture Ministry said in a statement it will ask for WOAH recognition next August, adding the request could be approved in May, 2025.

Agriculture minister Carlos Favaro said in a live streaming video the self-declaration is “an important step towards a global recognition.”

Brazil is the world’s largest beef exporter, with China and the United States as its main buyers.

However, the lack of a status for foot and mouth disease free without vaccination in some states prevents Brazil from selling its beef to nations like Japan and South Korea, a scenario Favaro said he wants to change.

(Reporting by Roberto Samora; writing by Andre Romani; editing by Diane Craft)

A Message to the Ag Industry about H5N1

Fri, 26 Apr 2024 20:49:16 GMT

“We’re going on a bear hunt. We’re going to catch a big one… We’re not scared.”

So goes a beloved children’s book written by Michael Rosen. The story is a metaphor for how to address fear. Kay Russo, DVM, often reads it to her son and daughter, ages 4 and 6.

“This unfortunate family seems to deal with a lot of issues as they’re going on their hike,” Russo says. “Ultimately, every time they reach one of these issues, the book basically says, ‘You know, we can’t go over it. We can’t go around it. We can’t go under it. We have to go through it.’”

That story illustrates how the dairy industry must deal with the growing impact of H5N1, says Russo, Novonesis technical services manager for dairy and poultry. She’s watched the spread of the virus with alarm and urges U.S. leaders across dairy and agriculture to step up and take action.

“Address it head-on,” she says. “Don’t hide.”

As with all major threats, she says ag needs a comprehensive, cohesive plan to address the virus in dairy – and to also look at how to protect the beef, pork and poultry industries.

“At this point, I believe it’s important to take one day at a time and systematically answer the questions that we need to get answered in order to define a sustainable path forward,” Russo says.

“We have a very clear picture that it’s in the udder and is being shed in milk. But where else do we need to be concerned? That matters because that is going to define the control tactics to reduce spreading it from cow to cow. Those questions are ultimately going to be the pillar of our understanding and help to define strategies for controlling the virus in a sustainable way.”

On The Front Line
Help can’t come soon enough for dairy producers and veterinarians in the trenches working with cows.

Veterinarians such as Dr. Barb Petersen in Texas have been dealing with the virus in their clients’ dairy herds since at least March.

“It has been circulating here as early as February, based on retrospective feedback from owners and fellow veterinarians,” says Petersen, owner of Sunrise Veterinary Service in Amarillo.

By early March, she had begun sending daily emails and text messages to her Texas Panhandle dairy clients who needed answers and support.

Petersen, who has been in practice 15 years, did her best to provide both. But she didn’t know what she was dealing with. Neither did any other veterinarian Petersen reached out to within 200 miles of her practice.

“We started to text and email each other, and give summaries of ‘OK, here’s the test that this doctor has run. Here’s what another colleague has run,’” Petersen recalls.

“We tested for every single viral bacterial mycotoxin, lepto, rumensin toxicity, nitrates… I mean, you name it, every single thing that we vaccinate for, we tested for, for sure, right off the bat. And then even some of the things that we don’t or can’t vaccinate for. We tried to cast a really wide net.”

None of the initial tests, conducted by the Texas A&M Veterinary Medical Diagnostic Laboratory (TVMDL), provided an answer.

Recurring Symptoms Emerge

Some members of the animal health community suspected winter dysentery – an acute, highly contagious gastrointestinal disorder that can affect housed dairy cattle of all ages.

Petersen was skeptical.

“The first clinical symptom I saw was cows that had indigestion. They had manure that wasn’t well-digested, manure with particles of feed in it,” she says.

As she checked more cows and talked with colleagues, more information came to light and she began to identify recurring symptoms: thick, colostrum-like milk; lesions on cow vulvas; high temperatures; respiratory distress; a drop in feed consumption; and a corresponding lack of rumination. None of it added up to winter dysentery.

“This is a really strong and fierce reminder to keep your hands on the cows,” Petersen says. “It’s wonderful to have data, but you have to trust and then verify.”

When Russo at Novonesis got news of the problem from a colleague, she called Petersen.

Russo has worked as a dairy veterinarian and is also a board-certified poultry veterinarian. She and Petersen discussed what kinds of tests had already been done and what health concerns had been ruled out.

“I said, ‘You know, I may sound like a crazy person, a tinfoil-hat-wearing person, but this sounds a bit like (highly pathogenic avian) influenza to me. We’ve seen this particular strain of influenza that’s been circulating, that’s been jumping into mammalian hosts,’ and I kind of left it there,” Russo recalls.

More conversations between Russo, Petersen and other veterinarians ensued. Russo encouraged Petersen to collect some of the dead birds she had encountered at the dairies and submit them to TVMDL for testing, which she did.

On March 19, Petersen received a call from the Texas lab, confirming the wild birds were positive for H5N1.

At about the same time, barn cats at the dairies Petersen worked with were getting sick and starting to die. They had consumed some of the H5N1-infected birds and milk that had not been pasteurized.

“I spent one weekend picking up dead birds and the next weekend picking up dead cats. It was very sad,” Petersen says.

Science Provides Answers
Petersen sent some of the dead cats and a pooled sample of milk to TVMDL pathologists for testing. Because of their heavy workload, she sent the same material to a former veterinary classmate at Iowa State University (ISU), Dr. Drew Magstadt, now a pathologist at the school’s diagnostic laboratory.

“Whenever I’ve gotten into a real jam professionally – like, you have a question that you can’t seem to find an answer to – the group of folks that have always helped me solve it have been pathologists,” Petersen says. “It’s been pathologists that I could give the clues to who helped finish the puzzle.”

On a warm March night in Amarillo, Petersen sat resting on her back porch at home when a text message from Magstadt popped up on her phone.

“There’s something in the results,” he wrote. “Can I call you?”

On the phone, Magstadt shared what he’d found in the lab tests done on the cats and milk: H5N1.

“I was like, ‘Are you serious?’” Petersen asked Magstadt. “Are you going to run those tests again?”

“Yes,” he said. “Just to make sure.”

The initial H5N1 confirmation flabbergasted Magstadt. The next day, he retested the samples to confirm the finding.

“I had thought we would find the results were negative and we would move on to other testing. So I was very, very surprised when the results came back positive,” says Magstadt, ISU clinical associate professor and a pathologist at the Iowa State Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory.

The National Veterinary Services Laboratory (NVSL) then confirmed Magstadt’s findings. The documentation of H5N1 by NVSL in a sample of milk from a dairy cow represented an industry first.

“The most surprising part of this, in my mind, is the fact that we’re finding so much virus as we are in the milk, in the mammary gland,” Magstadt says.

‘Show Us The Data’
On April 23, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) reported it had detected “viral particles of H5N1 avian influenza” in pasteurized milk available for purchase at grocery stores.

Russo is quick to point out this doesn’t mean the actual virus is in milk. Rather, it’s the genetic material known as RNA.

“I think the FDA needs to show us the data,” Russo says. “The fact that there is viral material in some of the milk on shelves, as detected by rt-PCR. That test doesn’t say whether it is alive or dead. Virus isolation is necessary. The first tests have not grown virus, thankfully, but we need more data.”

No unusual human illnesses have been documented. Government health officials say they have seen nothing unusual in flu activity, according to a senior official at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) who was interviewed for this story. The overall assessment and risk to human health remains low from H5N1, the official says.

“CDC looks for a host of flu-like symptoms,” he told “U.S. Farm Report” host Tyne Morgan during a phone interview. “They do so by looking at people coming into emergency rooms, care systems, etc.”

Yet anecdotal evidence suggests the people most likely to be infected – dairy farm workers who have their hands on cows regularly – aren’t necessarily going to doctors for treatment.

The World Health Organization (WHO) website references just one “laboratory-confirmed case of human infection with an influenza A (H5N1) virus on 1 April 2024” on a dairy farm.

“It’s a mild, mild case and the only symptom he had was pinkeye,” Sid Miller, state commissioner of the Texas Department of Agriculture, told “AgriTalk” host Chip Flory at the time, as reported on AgWeb.

That Texas case marked the second confirmed human case of influenza A(H5N1) detected in the U.S. — and the first in the dairy industry. The first documented case, identified in 2022, involved a person in Colorado who worked with infected poultry that tested positive for the virus.

During his interview with Miller, Flory asked whether the virus could impact beef cattle at some point.

“You’ve seen what’s happened in the cattle markets,” Flory said. “They’re looking at it like this is a major problem for beef.”

Problems aren’t anticipated for Texas beef cattle, which consist primarily of feedlot cattle in the Panhandle, Miller replied.

“The cattle that get it are the older lactating cows, and we don’t have those in the feedlot,” Miller explained. “I think we’re OK, but we’re certainly going to research that.”

Tip Of The Iceberg?
So far, H5N1 has been officially confirmed in only 32 herds in eight states, according to data from USDA’s Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS).

Some veterinarians working with dairies in Texas believe the virus is more active than current data suggest. Nick Schneider, a consulting dairy practitioner, is one of them.

“The thing is, when you get into the Panhandle of Texas, I’m not sure there’s anybody (dairy farms) that did not have it,” says Schneider.

Texas is home to 335 Grade A dairies with an estimated 625,00 cows, according to information on the Texas Association of Dairymen website. More than 100 of those operations are in the Panhandle.

The virus likely is being under-reported by the dairy industry because the presence of the virus in dairy cows is new, and there are no reporting requirements, Russo says.

“It’s not a foreign animal disease like it’s considered in poultry, where there are reporting requirements,” she explains. “This is considered an emerging disease (in dairy cattle).”

The dairy industry needs to be “very forward looking” now and address the virus, advises Schneider, the Texas dairy consultant.

“Looking at what happened in the rearview mirror is great, but if you’re not looking at where you’re going, it’s really just a pointless endeavor,” he says.

To that end, he advises gaining insights and expertise in preparation for whatever new information emerges next.

“We need to think about this potentially being something we have to live with, as being a part of the industry in the future,” Schneider says. “I hope I’m wrong. I would love to be wrong about that. But it’s something that we definitely need to consider when we’re thinking of how we’re going to manage it.”

Lessons From Swine And Poultry
Russo also advocates learning the lessons from swine and poultry, which have faced a variety of viral challenges for years.

“It’s important that we don’t try to reinvent the wheel as the cattle industry, but sort of cross the aisle to interact with the poultry folks and the swine folks who have gone through this repeatedly over the years and learn from the defined principles they use and try to adapt them into the bovine space,” she says.

Both swine and poultry have modified their animal management practices from the farm to the marketplace as a result of those experiences.

“Poultry, for instance has very distinct biosecurity principles they abide by to include lines of separation,” Russo says. “One is they keep the outside world out. Another is their use of PPE (physical protective equipment) to protect employees and also the birds from anything that might be carried onto the farm.”

The latter is a message Dr. Barb Petersen has taken to heart. Petersen says she was exposed to H5N1 for more than a month before she learned about the virus and its ability to infect dairy cows and people.

“I’m very fortunate that I never got sick,” she says.

Her advice? “Protect yourselves and your people on the dairy. There’s been underreporting of the virus. Understandably, there’s been a lot of fear. But every dairy that I’ve worked with has – with the exception of one – had sick human beings at the same time they had sick cows.”

Based on that knowledge, Petersen has acquired PPE available through Texas Health and Human Services.

“All the states have personal protective equipment available. Go and get it for your dairies,” she encourages other veterinarians. “If a dairy is on the fence, just provide it to them, offer it to everybody.”

Petersen says she has worked with people infected by H5N1 who do not interact with dairy cows. “I’m talking owners and feeders who don’t usually touch cows,” she says.

Research is underway to determine how much of a health risk the virus poses to humans, Russo says.

“This is a rapidly evolving situation, and the people that are working on it are doing everything they can to ensure the safety of those individuals that are most at risk,” she says.

A Paradigm Shift
The virus continues to hit the U.S. poultry industry hard.

Cal-Maine Foods, the largest producer and distributor of fresh shell eggs in the U.S., announced April 2 that chickens at its facility in Parmer County, located in the southwest part of the Texas Panhandle, tested positive for the virus. As a result, Cal-Maine had to cull nearly 2 million chickens − 1.6 million hens and 337,000 pullets.

In the AgriTalk discussion aired earlier this spring, Flory asked Miller, the Texas ag commissioner, whether he believes state agriculture department investigators are in front of the latest issues with HPAI in dairy cattle.

“I think so,” Miller replied. “We’ve got about 10 months before the ducks and geese come back, so I think we’ll have it figured out by then.”

Moving forward, the U.S. livestock industry might operate in a new world – one where the H5N1 virus is endemic.

Russo is undaunted by the challenge.

“This is not insurmountable, but it’s an issue we need to address swiftly,” she says.

Culled dairy cows going into the food supply deserve special attention, she says.

“We need to do the work so that we can define those movement strategies for the practitioners that are being asked to write health certificates on these farms that have the virus circulating,” Russo says.

The dairy industry needs to be more proactive for the sake of the poultry industry, she adds.

“Putting our heads in the sand, and hoping it burns itself out is not going to work. It’s just not,” she says. “It would take down the entire poultry industry by doing that, because this is highly pathogenic to them.”

That is not hyperbole, Russo says: a dime-sized piece of manure with H5N1 can infect up to 1 million chickens or turkeys.

In essence, the livestock industry needs to go on a bear hunt, as the children’s story says.

‘We can’t go over it. We can’t go around it. We can’t go under it. We have to go through it.”

With that as the focus, solutions to H5N1 can be found and help delivered to livestock producers and veterinarians on the front lines and, ultimately, the U.S. agriculture industry can insure a safe food supply.

This story will be updated by Bovine Veterinarian and Farm Journal editorial staff as more information is available.

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South Dakota Confirms First Case of HPAI in a Dairy Herd

Thu, 11 Apr 2024 21:41:59 GMT

The South Dakota Department of Agriculture (DANR) and the Animal Industry Board (AIB) have received confirmation from the United States Department of Agriculture’s (USDA) National Veterinary Services Laboratory (NVSL) of the detection of highly pathogenic avian influenza in a dairy cattle herd in South Dakota.

This is the first confirmed case of HPAI in a dairy operation in South Dakota.

“South Dakota Dairy Producers encourage all dairy producers to closely monitor their herd and contact their herd veterinarian immediately if cattle appear symptomatic,” said Marv Post, Chairman of South Dakota Dairy Producers, in a prepared statement. “USDA continues to emphasize that pasteurization kills the virus and that milk and dairy products are safe to consume.”

Read the complete press release here .

APHIS Bolsters Animal Health Surveillance for Unexplained Mortality Investigations

Wed, 28 Feb 2024 19:42:30 GMT

The USDA’s Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) is collaborating with the National Animal Health Laboratory Network (NAHLN) to bolster national animal health preparedness. This $1 million in funding supports rapid investigations of unexplained morbidity or mortality events, or UMEs, in animals – unexpected deaths or illnesses that could signal emerging threats.

“This proactive approach to surveillance strengthens APHIS’ commitment to safeguarding animal health across the nation,” USDA said in a release.

This cooperative agreement is managed by Michigan State University’s Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, a member of the NAHLN. The funding will be used to reimburse testing expenses at any NAHLN laboratory for UME cases that meet specific criteria, USDA explained.

“The ability to rapidly diagnose unknown illnesses in animals is vital for preventing outbreaks and safeguarding public health,” Mike Watson, APHIS Administrator, said in a release. “This new cooperative agreement marks a significant leap forward in our ability to detect emerging threats at the earliest stages through advanced testing and collaboration with the NAHLN.”

Testing is essential to not only identify the causes of illness or death in animals, but also to evaluate potential risks to other animals and public health. By providing funding for UME testing, APHIS is helping to proactively identify and address potential disease threats before they become larger, more difficult-to-control outbreaks.

“Early detection and identification of potential threats to animal health is critical to our ability to protect the health of our nation’s animals, the food supply, and potentially human health,” Sara Ahola, APHIS Veterinarian Medical Officer and UME project lead, said in the release.

This also helps protect international trade opportunities, which is critically important to the U.S. meat industry.

“Market access is critical. We must continue to prevent foreign animal disease. If we lose our free disease status, it will be an unbelievable game changer. Our industry will survive, but it will never be the same,” Erin Borror, U.S. Meat Export Federation vice president of economic analysis, said during the American Association of Swine Veterinarians annual meeting on Tuesday in Nashville, Tenn.

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K-State is Now On a Mission to Estimate the Potential Economic Losses From Possible Foreign Animal Diseases

Thu, 26 Oct 2023 17:32:07 GMT

Nestled in the Flint Hills of Kansas is the town of Manhattan, home to Kansas State University. Take a drive across Kansas State University today, and signs of a major focus on biodefense, and animal agriculture specifically, are everywhere.

“We have NBAF here, which is the National Bio Agro-Defense Facility , that’s on the edge of campus. So, K-State really is right in the middle of the animal health industry,” says Dustin Pendell, director of the collaborating center for the economics of animal health Americas region, K-State University.

Pendell received some exciting news this summer: K-State had been chosen to lead a five-year global animal health effort, by opening a new center. Called the Collaborating Center for the Economics of Animal Health, Americas Region , the K-State University professor and economist already had some ambitious goals.

“In a decade from now, I hope that anywhere across the world, if anybody needs anything done related to economics for animal health, animal burdens or animal welfare, they immediately turn to K-State,” he says.

Starting to Assemble the Building Blocks

Pendell and team are just starting on the building blocks, ones that will develop decision-making tools and improve communication on the economic impacts of animal diseases

“When we think about this center, it’s veterinary data, it’s the disease data, including disease prevalence and disease incidents, in addition to economic data, like prices and quantities,” says Pendell. “But it takes a whole team of people and including data from a whole bunch of different sources and different disciplines to come together to study these animal health economic issues.”

K-State was selected by the World Organisation for Animal Health , which represents countries within North and South America.

“There are 33 countries in the Americas region that are members of the World Organisation for Animal Health. You’ve got Canada, Mexico, the United States. You also have all of Central America, and then South America and the Caribbean Islands,” he explains.

Pendell says here at home, livestock producers across the country are on high alert about the potential threat of animal diseases.

“Upfront, some of the current diseases that are here are high-path avian influenza, which was introduced recently, and you have ASF (African Swine Fever) knocking at the door. That’s another one that’s important,” says Pendell. “We’re working on some other diseases, endemic diseases, like bovine respiratory disease, etc., with folks over in the College of Veterinary Medicine. So, there’s going to be more than one disease (studied), per se. It’s going to probably be more of a portfolio approach.”

Sorting Out Priorities By Country

But he points out every country is different, so the focus for the U.S. is not always the same as the concerns for a country like Brazil.

“I spent some time in Brazil last month where they’re talking about TB, they’re talking about brucellosis issues that are a little different than maybe here in the United States,” he says. “And so there’ll be a lot of different issues, a lot of different diseases that we will focus on.”

The team is currently carving out the answer to what the priority diseases are by country, to then uncover the potential impact of the animal diseases that pose the biggest threat.

“Right now, we’re trying to visit with the various governments, and the animal health officials in these countries, to figure out what are the issues that that are most relevant, timely for them,” says Pendell. “Eventually, as we get up and running, it’s going to be anywhere from the producer to the consumer, and everybody in between, including the governments.”

National Bio and Agro-Defense Facility Located Next to K-State

Conveniently located down the road from Pendell is the new NBAF facility, a joint effort between the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA), and the Department of Homeland Security (DHS), to protect agriculture against possible foreign animal diseases. While the research is not new, the location is.

“NBAF needed to replace Plum Island because Plum Island is more than 65 years old, and it doesn’t have the capability to meet growing research and diagnostic needs when it comes to emerging diseases, which are those that are new or not well known, as well as zoonotic diseases, which are those that transfer between animals and humans,” says Christian Young, biological scientist with the Foreign Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory. “So, NBAF will be able to continue as well as expand upon Plum Islands’ mission to protect U.S. agriculture and our food supply against terrorist attacks, major disasters and other emergencies.”

Pendell says having NBAF in Manhattan, Kan., was also a selling point to why the center he’s leading made sense, as he will explore the possible economic impacts of those potential diseases.

“The biggest opportunity being here in Manhattan, Kan., at Kansas State University, is I think the animal health industry here is only going to grow because of NBAF,” says Pendell. “I think there’s going to be so many opportunities in this space to add an economic component to the research that’s going on in this animal health space.”

An Important Tool for Livestock Producers, Livestock Industry

Pendell knows it’s a big undertaking, but it’s one that could change the game for livestock producers not just in Kansas, but around the globe.

“It’s important for livestock producers, because this is their livelihood. So our goal is to produce tools in which they can evaluate various biosecurity measures that can reduce the likelihood of a disease outbreak on their individual operation and protect their livelihood,” says Pendell.

Livestock Show Prep: Making Emergency Response Plans

Thu, 20 Apr 2023 13:50:16 GMT

As exhibitors prepare for show season, it is important to develop a plan for how to handle any livestock emergencies that may arise. Having a plan in place prior to the show ensures quick action and timely care should an emergency happen.

Seeking veterinary assistance

“The most important part of an emergency plan for livestock shows is to know how and where to seek veterinary assistance before an issue occurs,” said John Gilliam, DVM, a clinical professor of food animal production medicine and field service at the Oklahoma State University College of Veterinary Medicine (OSU CVM).

Many larger shows have a veterinarian on-site to provide emergency care. If a show does not have a veterinarian on-site, know ahead of time what off-site veterinarian you will use for emergencies.

If the show is local, exhibitors should contact their regular veterinarian ahead of time to see if he or she is available for emergencies and develop a plan if assistance is needed. If the show is out of town, show officials should be able to provide a list of local veterinarians that can be contacted. If possible, contacting these clinics ahead of time to confirm their availability for emergency service may save time and frustration.

Keep in mind that while the show may pay the veterinarian to be on-site, this likely won’t include fees for veterinary services rendered in the case of an emergency. Be prepared for potential extra costs for these services.

Preventing health emergencies

Many potential emergencies pertain to animal health and can be prevented with the proper precautions.

“Make sure animals are healthy and are current on vaccinations before the show,” Gilliam said. “Ensure each animal has also received an appropriate Certificate of Veterinary Inspection (CVI) prior to transport to the show.”

While it can be difficult to avoid contact with other animals at shows, exhibitors should work to minimize contact as much as possible. Exhibitors should also avoid making any changes to an animal’s diet while at the show. Bloat and diarrhea are common health problems that can develop at shows when animals undergo stress and diet changes.

How to handle a sick animal

“If you are at the show and you notice that your animal is not acting like it usually would, it is a good idea to get an examination by a veterinarian,” said Dr. Rosslyn Biggs, director of continuing education and beef cattle extension specialist at the CVM.

Show officials should be contacted before moving the animal as specific protocols may be needed to avoid risk to other animals or people.

“If you’re dealing with something that’s infectious, you definitely want to have a discussion with show management so that appropriate measures can be taken to isolate and deal with any potential transmission that’s already occurred,” Biggs said.

Removing any animals that develop a potentially contagious illness protects the animal’s health, as well as the health of other animals at the show.

Medications at a show

Exhibitors may bring various medications with them to the show, however, an animal deemed in need of antibiotic treatment at the show should be removed from the show grounds.

“Most medications administered to livestock have a withdrawal period or a period of time that must elapse between administration of the medication and marketing of the animal for food production purposes,” Gilliam said.

“This is required to reduce the risk of medication residues in food products. Always consider the withdrawal period before administering any medication to an animal, particularly if the show is a terminal show.”

Any questions regarding withdrawal time should be directed to a veterinarian. Additionally, some shows may prohibit the use of certain medications, so always be sure to consult the show rules before administering medication to an animal.

While livestock emergencies at a show are uncommon, they can occur, and it is best to be prepared. Good preparation ahead of time can greatly reduce the impact of such emergencies should they arise. Speak with your veterinarian about establishing an emergency preparedness plan for your next livestock show.

Read More:

Livestock Show Prep: The Importance of a Certificate of Veterinary Inspection

Livestock Show Prep: Biosecurity to Reduce the Spread of Disease

Before Emergency Strikes: Ohio State University Takes an Important Message on the Road

Livestock Show Prep: Biosecurity to Reduce the Spread of Disease

Tue, 11 Apr 2023 13:00:00 GMT

Spring livestock shows are underway with summer junior nationals and fall fairs not far behind. Biosecurity should be a priority for exhibitors and their teams before, during and after the show to maintain the health and welfare of the animals shown as well as the herd at home.

Biosecurity is the development and implementation of management procedures to reduce or prevent unwanted diseases from entering the herd or population, as well as limit or prevent the spread of disease within the operation.

“Biosecurity is important at the livestock show because we’re bringing animals from multiple different operations to a single event,” said Rosslyn Biggs, director of continuing education and beef cattle extension specialist. “We have the chance, although it’s small if we’ve prepared our animals correctly, for the transmission of disease.”

It is important to develop biosecurity plans that are specific to the individual operation and developed in partnership with everyone involved in the care of show animals. These written plans should be reviewed regularly and updated as needed.

Good biosecurity relies upon good animal husbandry and attention to detail. Daily assessments of all animals are necessary. An animal’s attitude, behavior, feed and water intake, fecal output and overall appearance should be noted. Changes in clinical signs and treatments should be documented.

Youth exhibitors should also be taught the value of preventative measures and appropriate animal health and nutrition interventions.

“Simple things like vaccinating our animals can make a big difference at the show,” Biggs said.

Veterinarians, along with agricultural education and instructors can serve as a great resource for youth exhibitors. Veterinarians can help exhibitors and their families develop specific vaccination programs, apply appropriate animal identification and respond to illness in show animals.

Consultation with a veterinarian becomes even more important when medications must be administered to observe show regulations and withdrawal times on drug labels. Additionally, most major shows require a timely certificate of veterinary inspection (CVI), commonly called a health certificate, following veterinary examination. The state of destination and show may both have specific health requirements. It’s important to review the health and show requirements well in advance to allow time for any required testing.

During the show, biosecurity should remain a focus. Combined shipments of animals from different locations should be avoided. Equipment and supplies, especially water buckets and feed pans, should not be shared between groups of animals from different operations. Care should be taken in common areas such as wash racks and tie-outs.

“Exhibitors and their teams should limit their exposure as much as possible to only their animals with attention to attire and footwear,” Biggs said. “If an animal becomes ill and there is the potential for infectious disease spread, show management should be alerted so the situation can be assessed and measures taken, if necessary.”

The importance of biosecurity doesn’t end with the show. After returning home equipment, including trailers, should be cleaned and disinfected prior to its next use. Removing organic material, such as manure, hay, and feed, must occur for disinfectants to be effective.

Any new introduction to the farm or ranch, including those returning from a show, should be isolated from the rest of the herd for 30 days. This time allows for disease monitoring and common disease incubation periods to pass.

“Biosecurity is important for every exhibitor and every show project,” Biggs said. “I definitely encourage our young people, 4H and FFA members, to have a discussion with their veterinarian and work closely with their agricultural educators to come up with a plan before, during and after the show so that each can have a successful spring season.”

Observing good biosecurity practices before, during and after a show preserves the commitment to animal health and welfare as show projects enter the food supply or return to the breeding herd.

More from OSU:

Livestock Show Prep: The Importance of a Certificate of Veterinary Inspection

Controversial U.S. Cull Kills 19 Feral Cattle in New Mexico Wilderness Area

Thu, 02 Mar 2023 16:57:23 GMT

Nineteen feral cattle have been shot from a helicopter by federal employees in a New Mexico wilderness area in a cull opposed by ranchers and criticized by the state’s governor.

The U.S. Forest Service (USFS) said the three-day operation was the most efficient way to stop the undomesticated animals destroying endangered species’ habitats and menacing hikers in the Gila Wilderness of southwest New Mexico.

Ranchers tried to block the cull in court saying it was inhumane and could mistakenly kill privately owned cattle that had strayed after breaking through fences. An animal welfare group called for a roundup and New Mexico Governor Michelle Lujan Grisham said the USFS failed to engage with locals over the issue.

The aerial shoot, the second in as many years, targeted an estimated 150 stray or unbranded cows but four sweeps over the Gila’s mountains and canyons found a fraction of that number, the USFS said.

“Ground-based and aerial removal efforts since October 2021 have substantially reduced the feral cattle population,” Camille Howes, Gila National Forest supervisor, said in a statement on Tuesday.

Aerial hunting of feral hogs and predators like coyotes is a common practice in the American West but efforts to gun down undomesticated cattle have met protest.

A judge ruled against The New Mexico Cattle Growers Association (NMCGA), saying only one of around 300 feral cattle rounded up or shot in several decades had been branded, meaning it was privately owned.

Connecticut’s Cathy Kangas Foundation for Animals said it got no reply from the USFS when it offered to pay for a roundup.

The USFS said about half of cattle removed by roundups do not survive due to stress or injury and shooting the feral animals was more humane than driving them over the Gila’s rugged terrain.

(Reporting By Andrew Hay in Taos, New Mexico; Editing by David Gregorio)

Iowa Governor Announces Funding for ISU Veterinary Diagnostic Lab

Sat, 21 Jan 2023 14:30:11 GMT

Iowa Gov. Kim Reynolds announced $40 million in funding from American Rescue Plan Act dollars to help complete Phase 2 of Iowa State University’s Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory (VDL). She has also proposed an additional $20M in her budget from the Rebuild Iowa Infrastructure Fund (RIIF)—$10M in FY24 and $10M in FY25—to total $60M in state support for the VDL project in a release from her office .

Construction of the front end of a new VDL in Ames is scheduled to be finished this year. The $75-million Phase 1 of the project does not cover the majority of the lab’s operations, Iowa Pork Producers Association noted in a statement. Phase 2, which is expected to cost $62.5 million, would provide an additional 70,000 square feet for laboratory testing, research and support functions.

“Pig farmers and cattle producers across Iowa are extremely grateful Governor Kim Reynolds is providing significant financial support to upgrade Iowa State University’s Veterinary Diagnostic Lab and we hope the Iowa legislature will join her in providing additional funding, as she has proposed,” said Iowa Pork Producers Association President Kevin Rasmussen, a farmer from Goldfield, in a joint statement with Iowa Cattlemen’s Association President Bob Noble of Riceville.

Gov. Reynolds explained that the VDL is critical to support and protect not only the Iowa agriculture industry and food supply, but the U.S. as well.

“The new state-of-the-art facility will keep Iowa State at the forefront in helping recognize foreign animal diseases that threaten the nation’s food supply well into the future. We sincerely appreciate her efforts and willingness to keep animal and human health as top priorities,” Rasmussen and Noble said in a release.

This investment will significantly expand the VDL’s capacity to support Iowa’s $32.5 billion animal agriculture industry and will keep this nationally-recognized lab on the forefront of cutting-edge technology, Reynolds said in the release.

“We are deeply grateful to Governor Reynolds for allocating these critical resources to construct Phase 2 of the Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory,” Iowa State University President Wendy Wintersteen said in a release. “This funding will help ensure the VDL can continue to provide cutting-edge services and support to Iowa’s livestock and poultry producers.”

The state’s close relationship with the VDL has been essential in implementing the state’s response to the highly pathogenic avian influenza outbreak and Iowa Secretary of Agriculture Mike Naig said they rely on the VDL’s recommendations as Iowa continues to enhance foreign animal disease preparedness.

Editor’s Note: Fully accredited by the American Association of Veterinary Laboratory Diagnosticians, the VDL provides quality diagnostic services for animal species, including necropsy, bacteriology, serology, histopathology, virology, parasitology, molecular diagnostics, and toxicology as well as offering analytical services. The full-service laboratories at the VDL process upwards of 100,000 cases each year and conducts more than a million tests annually.

Good Farm Security is Good Biosecurity

Fri, 09 Dec 2022 14:57:04 GMT

Ask any farmer and they will tell you that biosecurity is one of their top priorities. It’s crucial to the health and welfare of their animals. While farmers typically focus on training their team on proper biosecurity protocols on the farm, it’s important to remember that some other threats can come from outside the farm.

Animal rights extremists continually attempt to gain access to farms and facilities by any means necessary – and oftentimes that means a disregard (or lack of knowledge) of biosecurity measures like proper clothing and sanitizing. We see this all the time in “undercover videos” of extremists breaking into barns and facilities wearing street clothing after possibly having visited other facilities that same day with similar intent. Keeping these high-risk visitors off your farm is important for many reasons but the health and safety of your animals is a big one.

The best way to eliminate any biosecurity risk is to stop any unwanted visitors from entering your farm – farm security is key. There are several aspects of implementing a strong farm security plan.

Here are three tips to get started:

1. Start by making your farm “YouTube proof.”

Pretend someone is taking a video of your farm to share on YouTube. Are you comfortable with that scenario? Typically, we don’t get a heads up or time to prepare when anti-animal agriculture visitors stop by. Be proactive in ensuring you’re doing everything right ahead of time.
Protect yourself and your animals by always using science-based animal care and environmental policies.
Conduct self-audits to find new ways to improve and ensure current practices and protocols are being properly followed.

2. Make yourself a harder target.

Put up “No Trespassing” signs.
Install motion sensor lighting and security cameras.
Have gates and fencing with locks – and make sure they’re locked when not in use.

3. Be cautious with hiring.

You might have done all you can do to protect yourself from unwanted visitors entering your farm, but extremists know other ways to gain access to your property, including through employment. Don’t cut corners on your hiring process and always have a formal policy. This should include a written application with references and past employers. It’s imperative that you take proper precautions and call the employers to verify that this person is who they say they are.

With biosecurity being top of mind for many farmers, it’s important to remember this wider approach to both biosecurity and farm security. While we can do our best to protect animals on the farm, we also need to stay vigilant about threats coming from outside the farm. More detailed advice is available on our website.

Read more:

When Something’s Not Right: 5 Ways to Protect Your Farm From an Activist Attack

Biosecurity and Farm Security are Closely Linked

Activist Threats Aren’t Just on the Farm Anymore

3 Universities Join CDC Midwest Center’s Effort Against Disease-Bearing Ticks and Mosquitoes

Thu, 01 Sep 2022 19:36:30 GMT

Purdue University, Indiana University and the University of Notre Dame have joined the Midwest Center of Excellence for Vector-Borne Diseases. The $10-million Midwest center, led by the University of Wisconsin-Madison, is funded for five years by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

“The new Indiana partners are fortifying the center’s capacity to advance innovative vector-control approaches for mosquito and tick threats that are unique to the Midwestern environment,” said Lyric Bartholomay, professor of pathobiological sciences at University of Wisconsin-Madison and co-director of the Midwest Center of Excellence for Vector-Borne Diseases. “Connections to these three outstanding universities provide the exciting potential to train Hoosiers to join the battle against vector-borne diseases.”

The first round of funding for the center in 2017 established a collaboration between universities and public health agencies in Wisconsin, Illinois, Iowa, Michigan and Minnesota. Together they work to better control mosquitoes and ticks —vectors that spread pathogens.

The academic partners, which will work closely with the Indiana Department of Health, all have industry connections and expertise in vector-control product development. This includes designing, testing and evaluating new insecticides, sprays and devices to control mosquitoes and ticks.

“We’re grateful and excited to be included in this second round,” said Catherine Hill, professor and interim head of Purdue’s Department of Entomology in the College of Agriculture. “Unfortunately, mosquitoes and ticks don’t pay any attention to state borders.”

All three universities will conduct a series of user-acceptance studies for products designed to control ticks and mosquitoes.

“Having buy-in from the stakeholders, particularly for vector control, is critical,” said Molly Duman Scheel, the Navari Family Professor of Medical and Molecular Genetics at the IU School of Medicine-South Bend. “When they feel like they’re part of the technology development process, people embrace it. And if they embrace it, they have more tendency to use it.”

The project also will provide opportunities for early career scientists. A key goal is to produce the next generation of vector biologists by training students and giving early career scientists new professional opportunities.

“Because Indiana is now part of the center, the educational piece is going to be big,” said John Grieco, research professor of biological sciences at Notre Dame. “We’re now included in all discussions around the various vector-related issues in our state. It pulls everybody together as a cohesive unit.”

Hill’s Purdue team is pursuing minimum-risk plant-derived products for controlling Lyme disease and tick pests.

“Ticks are a big problem,” Hill said. “And one tick, in particular — Ixodes scapularis, the Lyme disease tick — is a vector of Lyme disease and multiple other diseases in the region.”

The lone star tick (Amblyomma americanum) and the dog tick (Dermacentor variabilis) also pose problems for Indiana. And as climate change continues, they pose a potential invasive problem for regions north of Indiana, as well.

“The emphasis is going to be on the Lyme disease tick because that’s public enemy No. 1 in North America,” Hill said.

But the Asian longhorned tick may someday pose a threat. An invasive species first detected in the United States in 2017, it has now become established here. The tick is found in 17 states, including Kentucky, on Indiana’s southern border. If it moves north, it could become a vector of various human-disease pathogens. But the tick also threatens livestock and other animals.

In her Purdue Extension role, Hill receives many queries about how people can control ticks on their properties without using highly toxic, synthetic insecticides. Purdue’s goal of a plant-based product would help. There are permethrin-based or pyrethroid-based neurotoxins available that are reasonably safe for humans, Hill said, “but I don’t like the thought of putting that in the environment.”

Scheel’s lab will target Culex mosquitoes, carriers of the West Nile virus.

“West Nile virus is one of the big impacts on Hoosiers in terms of mosquito-borne illnesses in the United States,” said Scheel, who is also an adjunct associate professor of biological sciences at Notre Dame. The virus affects Chicago, too, where her lab will join the center’s ongoing field tests for Culex larvae control.

Scheel’s lab is modifying yeast to include an environmentally safe, RNA-based pesticide that can be fed to mosquitoes. The yeast is dead when fed to the larvae, which prevents releasing the live microorganisms into the environment. Researchers widely use RNA technology to study gene function. Scheel aims to move the technology from the lab to the field.

“The RNA is directed specifically against mosquito genes and not humans or other insects,” she explained. “Some pesticides used broadly across the world are not environmentally friendly or specific to mosquitoes.”

In recent years, Scheel’s team has conducted extensive public engagement studies on Trinidad in the Caribbean with funding from the U.S. Agency for International Development and the Department of Defense. Her team will begin doing public outreach in the United States, too, with the CDC grant support.

“When we do this stakeholder engagement, we also teach a lot of people about mosquitoes. That’ll be an immediate impact,” Scheel said.

The lab that Grieco runs with Nicole Achee, research professor of biological sciences at Notre Dame, is developing spatial repellants. Unlike topical repellants for the skin, spatial repellents include hanging strips or tabletop devices that create a mosquito-free environment within a certain area.

“We’re trying to focus more on the natural products — botanicals, geranium oils and other extracts — because those are going to be much more accepted by the U.S. market,” Grieco said.

Grieco and Achee have tested mosquito control methods to reduce malaria and dengue in Africa, Asia and Central and South America. Their work has included knowledge, attitudes and practices evaluations of their products among local residents. They envision students in Notre Dame’s Master of Science in Global Health program to undertake such evaluations as capstone projects.

The Notre Dame researchers recently began conducting trials of improved practices (TIPS) to make product improvements. Now they will begin adding lessons learned from the TIPS studies into their U.S. evaluations.

Once a final product is developed, it must then pass through many U.S. and global regulatory agencies to ensure that it meets environmental safety requirements.

Read More:

JEV in Australia: A Warning Shot that the U.S. Could Be Next?

Asian Longhorned Ticks and Theileria: What you need to know

Look for Asian Longhorned Ticks and other Tick Species this Summer

Improve Feed Sampling Using K-State's New Resources

Thu, 11 Aug 2022 20:38:13 GMT

Though many miles may separate one operation from another, a feed mill might be the common denominator when it comes to a disease outbreak.

“The concept of feed safety or applying biosecurity to a feed mill and feed delivery system, has become more common in the swine industry to limit pathogen introduction into feed mills or production locations,” says Grace Houston, DVM, in a recent release.

Kansas State University’s Animal Sciences and Industry department recently updated its website to include new feed sampling resources.

“These resources were designed with the intent of meeting the industry’s need for sampling resources of pathogens within feed mills,” Houston explains.

Implementing a sampling program to measure the amount of potential pathogen contamination within a feed mill is challenging given the uncertainty of sample size and minimal standardization for sampling techniques, says the release.

To help standardize the procedures and provide additional resources, K-State’s website topics include:

• How to take feed and environmental samples (bacterial and viral)

• How to log feed samples

• How to ship feed samples to a laboratory

• Appropriate sample sizes

• Sample types

• Where to collect samples

• How to interpret results from laboratory analysis

• Strategies to reduce contamination

Information is available to anyone in a variety of formats for free through the K-State website .

Australia Raises Its FMD Alert

Thu, 21 Jul 2022 18:39:12 GMT

Australia has come under the threat of foot and mouth disease after traces of the disease were detected from goods coming into the country this week.

Agriculture Minister Murray Watt said viral fragments of foot and mouth disease were detected in meat products that entered Australia recently from Indonesia and China. Those viral fragments are not live and cannot be transmitted, he said.

“We have detected foot and mouth disease and African swine fever viral fragments in a small number of pork products for sale in the Melbourne CBD that were imported from China,” Watt said.

“In addition to this a passenger travelling from Indonesia has in recent days been intercepted with a beef product that they didn’t declare which tested positive for foot and mouth disease viral fragments,” he said.

As part of the Australian Government’s response to the spread of animal diseases in the region, the Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry has increased its surveillance and testing of meat and other animal products, both at the border and through targeted checking of retail outlets.

Some pork products have been removed from supermarket shelves after viral fragments of both foot and mouth disease (FMD) and African swine fever (ASF) were detected during testing.

Due to the outbreak of the disease in Indonesia, travelers arriving in Australia from Indonesia will now be required to walk across sanitation foot mats at airports. The mats will contain a citric acid solution designed to dislodge any dirt from the sole of the shoe and cover it in the acid.

Australian government officials said a positive case of foot and mouth on an Australian farm could shutter the $27 billion livestock export trade. The government estimates the total cost of a major outbreak at $80 billion.

Despite the recent findings, Australia remains foot and mouth disease-free, according to Watt.